FOUS30 KWBC 100948
QPFERD

Excessive Rainfall Discussion
NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
548 AM EDT Thu Jul 10 2025

Day 1 
Valid 12Z Thu Jul 10 2025 - 12Z Fri Jul 11 2025

...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND, THE MID ATLANTIC, AND THE CENTRAL PLAINS INTO
THE MIDWEST...

...Southern New England...

A Slight Risk was introduced overnight to portions of east-central
MA and surrounding portions of RI/CT, as highly anomalous moisture
(PWs near 2.0", near the 99th percentile per CFSR climatology) has
been supporting very efficient (but so far quite localized) hourly
rainfall totals of 1-2" (with as much as 1" in 15-min). This is 
occurring on the northern/western periphery of an MCS tracking 
that is tracking across southeast MA, supported by idealized 
placement in the right-entrance region of a ~100 kt jet streak (at 
250 mb) centered over northern New England/southern Quebec. While 
the best low-level (925-850 mb) moisture transport with the LLJ is 
located along/offshore with the MCS itself, this jet should veer 
into the morning hours and allow for a short period of better 
moisture transport into eastern CT/MA and RI. This should continue 
the risk of scattered flash flooding at least a bit beyond 12z, as 
RAP isentropic analysis indicates some of the best moisture 
transport (isentropic lift/upglide) through the 925-700 mb layer 
(295-305K isentropic surfaces). This upglide and resultant 
slantwise instability may be sufficient to overcome a lack of 
vertical instability for a period (though RAP analysis is still 
indicating a bubble of 500-1000 J/kg of SBCAPE at 08z). The tail 
end of this upglide may be positioned near the Boston metro area 
between 12-15z, and some CAMs suggest the potential for localized 
2-4" totals from these training showers (as indicated by both the 
00z HREF and experimental RRFS PMM QPF fields). Given 3-hr FFGs in 
the vicinity of Boston near 2.0", there may be a localized 
instance of more significant flash flooding (primarily in more 
vulnerable low- lying areas of the metro). 

...Mid-Atlantic and Appalachians into the Southeast...

A shortwave trough situated over southern Quebec begins to lift 
eastward today, but is slow to do so as it slogs through larger
scale ridging. Vorticity streamers trailing the upper trough may
allow for some convective organization today, though the highest
coverage and best rainfall rates are expected to be relegated to
southern portions of the Mid-Atlantic and into the Southeast (where
anomalous tropospheric moisture will also be on the downtrend, but
PWs still near 2.0" are around the 90th percentile per CFSR climo).
Ridging is expected to amplify in the wake of the departing SW, and
this will eventually result in height rises aloft that will be less
amenable to organized deep convection. As a result, expect a fair
bit less convective coverage today overall (particularly in more
northern portions of the Mid-Atlantic, perhaps with the exception
of the far northern Appalachians in NY/VT/NH where the closer
proximity of the lifting shortwave may provide better localized
uplift via DPVA and height falls with peak daytime heating). The
inherited Slight risk was generally maintained for much of VA/NC
and into SC (though the southern eastern portions of the Slight 
have a greater risk of localized 5" exceedance, per 00z HREF 
neighborhood probs near 10%, while the northern/western portions
are more sensitive with lower FFGs having had localized 3-5" totals
over prior days). 

...Northern and Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...

Convective organization has been quite impressive overnight across
SD/NE/MN/IA, as storms tapped into the favorable left-exit region
of a subtropical jet streak (~90 kts at 250 mb) on the northern
periphery of an upper-level ridge that has been situated over the
Southwest U.S. and northwestern Mexico. The main shortwave
responsible for this jet streak has yet to move into the Plains,
but will do so today as it digs from the Intermountain West into
the Central Rockies and High Plains. Convection should fire once
again today, likely organizing and growing upscale over the Central
Plains with peak daytime heating this afternoon and evening. CAMs
suggest these storms may train favorably from west-to-east over
portions of NE/IA, while farther east an MCV from the storms
overnight will likely reinitiate convection with daytime heating
with the potential for backbuilding storms resulting in training
and repeating along a north/south axis from northwest IL through
southwest WI (though confidence in this scenario is a bit lower,
but has been impressively indicated for days by the ECMWF and its
accompanying AIFS solutions). PWs are generally near or above the
90th percentile across this whole region, though rainfall is badly
needed in some locations where moderate to severe drought is
present. Unfortunately too much rainfall too quickly may result in
scattered instances of flash flooding, as 1-2"/hr rates drive a
localized threat for 4-6" totals where storms are able to train and repeat.

Churchill


Day 2 
Valid 12Z Fri Jul 11 2025 - 12Z Sat Jul 12 2025

...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL OVER MUCH OF THE
UPPER MIDWEST AND INTO PORTIONS OF THE MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND
EASTERN CENTRAL PLAINS...

...Upper Midwest into Mid-Mississippi Valley...

Another shortwave trough is progged to dig southward from south-
central Canada into the Northern Plains, merging with the separate
aforementioned shortwave that stalled out near the Central Plains
and Mid-Mississippi Valley. This will result in a much larger area
of organized convection on Friday and Friday night, and the best
axis looks to be positioned from central/eastern IA into southwest
WI (as this is the best model consensus and positioning of the
ECMWF and AIFS in particular, but there is still considerable
uncertainty with regard to the nuance of how these shortwaves
evolve/interact and where the highest totals ultimately fall).
Similar to Day 1, anomalous moisture (PWs of 90th percentile or
higher) looks to be in place prior to the arrival of drier, much
more stable air behind the accompanying cold front (which is
expected to sweep through the Northern Plains and into the Central
Plains and Upper Midwest late into the overnight). While much of
the rainfall will be beneficial for the region overall, the
inherited Slight Risk was expanded rather significantly. Future
targeted upgrades to Moderate Risk are possible, depending on what
transpires on Day 1 and how much overlap there is with additional
localized totals of 3-5" on Day 2. 

...Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic into the Southeast...

As mid-level troughing becomes more established in the Northern 
Plains into Day 2, and ridging/height rises build in response 
downstream and may finally begin to suppress convection more 
significantly across the Mid-Atlantic into the Northeast. While
overall intensity and coverage of convection should be drastically
lower compared to prior days, convective initiation is still
expected across the higher terrain of the Appalachians and along
the sea breeze of the Carolinas and bay breeze of the Chesapeake.
Some convection may propagate and/or initiate in areas inbetween,
and maintained a Marginal Risk as a result (also including areas of
the Southeast where slow moving, largely short-lived storms with
efficient rainfall rates of 1-3"/hr may present a localized flash
flood risk as well). 

...Rockies into the Central and Southern High Plains...

As the Southwest upper-level ridge erodes tonight into early
Friday, there should be substantially more convective coverage
across much of the Rockies and into the Central and Southern High
Plains coincident with peak daytime heating. Organization looks 
most likely over eastern CO and adjacent portions of WY/NE/KS, but 
may propagate into the Southern High Plains as well (as northwest 
flow becomes established with shortwave impulses rippling south, 
getting tugged around the upper-level ridge retreating westward 
towards Southern California). Localized 1-2" totals (which have 
been continually indicated by both downscaled deterministic 
GFS/ECMWF solutions and ensemble 1" exceedance probabilities) in 
the sensitive terrain may lead to localized flash flooding 
concerns. Should more substantial convective organization occur (as
the introduction of more CAMs seems to be indicating), then 
localized 2-4" totals are possible (and may necessitate a Slight 
Risk being introduced with subsequent outlooks). 

Churchill


Day 3 
Valid 12Z Sat Jul 12 2025 - 12Z Sun Jul 13 2025

...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL OVER MUCH OF THE
SOUTHERN PLAINS INTO THE OZARKS...

...Southern Plains into the Ozarks...

Concerns are growing for more organized convection developing into
Day 3, stemming from a subtle shortwave/upper-level low forming and
stalling out over the Southern High Plains. The bulk of the global
guidance is now indicating this scenario, and the ECMWF suite
(including the ECENS and AIFS) are of particular concern with the
most robust signal of the models (with the AIFS indicating a
southward shift of best QPF signal, quite close to more sensitive
areas of central/North TX). A large Slight Risk was introduced to
encompass the area where organized convective activity is expected
to occur, though many of the details will still need to be ironed
out as we enter the hi-res CAM period. In the meantime, the
combination of already saturated soils and terrain sensitivities
across the broader region with highly anomalous tropospheric
moisture (PWs of 2.0"+ expected, near 90th percentile) is
justification for a broad Slight Risk that can be more fine tuned
in subsequent cycles. 

...Upper Midwest, Great Lakes into Ohio Valley...

Convection should become less abundant into Day 3 in association
with the consolidated shortwave from Day 2, as it lifts into Canada
and forcing becomes less impressive overall (though still located
within a favorable right-entrance region of an attendant jet
streak). Daytime heating will likely drive the main threat with
short-term localized totals of 1-3" possibly resulting in isolated
flash flooding. 

...Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic into the Northeast...

A broad Marginal Risk area continues into Day 3, as localized 
downpours (1-2" hourly amounts) in association with daytime 
heating present an isolated risk of flash flooding similar to the 
prior day. Coverage and intensity may increase a bit, based on the
consensus guidance, but remains questionable as ridging aloft may
continue to tamp down on convection. 

Churchill

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